Extra reading materials & multimedia
Extra reading materials & multimedia
Embedded Files
ACCESSIBILITY NOTE
ACCESSIBILITY NOTE
Some of the PDF file links in this page are encrypted. Kindly contact me personally for the access codes.
Glycolysis (Med School) - YouTube; (MedSimplified) - Youtube; (JJ Medicine) - Youtube ; (Quick biochemistry basics) - Youtube; (DirtyMedicine) - Youtube
How to remember Glycolysis forever ! (MEDSimplified ) - Youtube
How to Remember the Glycolysis Pathway Intermediates and Enzymes | Mnemonic (JJ Medicine) - Youtube
Regulation of glycolysis via F2,6BP (Biochemistry UPG) - Youtube
Regulation of glycolysis (Ninja Nerds Lecture) - Youtube
Regulation of PFK-1/Glycolysis Via PFK-2 Activity (Catalyst University) - Youtube
Pyruvate kinase deficiency - symptom, pathophysiology, treatment (JJ Medicine) - Youtube
Pyruvate kinase deficiency (NORD) - URL
Pyruvate metabolism (aka. fates of pyruvate) (Dirty Medicine) - Youtube
Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (Quick biochemistry basics) - Youtube
Kreb's cycle (MedSimplified) - YouTube; Updated Feb 2020 Youtube (Dirty Medicine) - Youtube; (Quick biochemistry basics) - Youtube
Diabetes mellitus (type 1, type 2) & diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) (Osmosis) - YouTube
How well do fluoride treatments work at preventing tooth decay? (Osmosis) - YouTube
Glucose Transporters (GLUTs and SGLTs) (JJ Medicine) - Youtube
Lacticacidosis - overview, causes (metformin use), pathogenesis, subtypes (JJ Medicine) - Youtube
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency (Osmosis) - YouTube ; (JJ Medicine) Youtube
Pentose phosphate pathway (JJ Medicine) - Youtube; HMP pathway (Dirty Medicine) - Youtube
Glutathione pathway (Dirty Medicine) - Youtube
Galactose - absorption and metabolism (JJ Medicine) - Youtube; (Dirty Medicine) - Youtube
Fructose - absorption, metabolism, regulation and role in obesity (JJ Medicine) - Youtube
Fructose metabolism (Dirty Medicine) - Youtube
Polyol pathway (sorbitol, galactitol) - Role in diabetes pathogenesis (JJ Medicine) - Youtube
GLYCOGEN METABOLISM
GLYCOGEN METABOLISM
Glycogenesis and glycogenolysis animation (yel vidz) - Youtube
Glycogen metabolism, pathway, enzymes and regulation (JJ Medicine) - YouTube (Overall); Synthesis only - YouTube
Glycogen storage diseases (Dirty Medicine) - Youtube
Types of glycogen storage diseases (1 to 8) - Table (URL)
Glycogen storage disease Type 1 - (Osmosis) - Youtube
LIPID METABOLISM & LIPOPROTEIN TRANSPORT SYSTEM
LIPID METABOLISM & LIPOPROTEIN TRANSPORT SYSTEM
Fatty acid synthesis - overview, enzymes, regulation (JJ Medicine) - Youtube
Fatty acid synthesis (Dirty Medicine) - Youtube
Beta oxidation made simple (MedSimplified) - Part 1 YouTube, Part 2 YouTube
Fatty acid oxidation (Dirty Medicine) - Youtube
Lipid transport system (Dirty Medicine) - Part 1, Part 2, Part 3
New concepts in lipoprotein metabolism - Youtube
Physiology of lipoprotein metabolism - Youtube
Physiology of lipoproteins cholesterol (Armando Hasudungan) - YouTube
Cholesterol synthesis & storage (JJ Medicine) - Youtube
Carnitine shuttle (JJ Medicine) - Youtube
Familial hypercholesterolemia (JJ Medicine) - Youtube
Familial hypercholesterolemia - causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, pathology (Osmosis) - Youtube
Familial dyslipidemia (Dirty Medicine) - Youtube
Lipid soluble vitamins (Dirty Medicine) - Youtube
Metabolic fuel & starvation (Dirty Medicine) - Youtube
Ketone body metabolism (JJ Medicine) - Synthesis Youtube, Degradation Youtube
Introduction to glucogenic and ketogenic amino acids (AK Lectures) - Youtube
Ketone bodies synthesis (Dirty Medicine) - Youtube
Glycogenolysis (yel vids) - Youtube
Beta oxidation made simple (MedSimplified) - Part 1 YouTube, Part 2 YouTube
Cori cycle (Lactate acid metabolism, anaerobic metabolism) (JJ Medicine) - Youtube
Alcohol absorption and metabolism (JJ Medicine) - Youtube
Alcohol toxicity, how alcohol causes disruption in multiple biochemical pathways (JJ Medicine) - Youtube
Arachidonic acid and eicosanoids (Armando Hasudungan) - Youtube; Part 1 , Part 2 ; (Medicosis Perfectionalis) - Youtube ; (Animated biology with Arpan) - Youtube; (AMBOSS) - Youtube
Effect of snake venom on blood (Davidspeed) - Youtube
Understanding Eicosanoids: The Basics (Med School Made Easy) - Youtube
AMINO ACID METABOLISM
AMINO ACID METABOLISM
Amino acids (Dirty Medicine) - Youtube
Glucose-alanine cycle (Cahill cycle), nitrogen waste transport & removal (JJ Medicine) - Youtube
Urea cycle (JJ Medicine) - Youtube; (Dirty Medicine) - Youtube ; (MedSimplified) - Youtube
Urea cycle made easy 2020 (MedSimplified) - Youtube ; Trick to remember - Youtube
Maple syrup urine disease (Osmosis) - YouTube
Homocystinuria (Osmosis) - YouTube
Methionine metabolism (JJ Medicine) - Youtube
Phenylalanine and phenylketonuria (JJ Medicine) - Youtube
Phenylketonuria, PKU (Osmosis) - Youtube
Heme metabolism (JJ Medicine) - Synthesis Youtube - Catabolism & degradation Youtube
Bilirubin metabolism (MedSimplified) - Youtube
Bilirubin and congenital hyperbilirubinemia (Dirty Medicine) - Youtube
Hemolytic, hepatic & obstructive Jaundice | Icterus | Gastrointestinal Physiology | Pathophysiology (Physiology Open) - Youtube
Acute Intermittent Porphyria, (including heme synthesis) (Osmosis) - Youtube
Introduction to porphyria (JJ Medicine) - Youtube
Methemoglobinemia (Osmosis) - YouTube
Sickle cell anemia (Osmosis) - Youtube
Sideroblastic anemia; linked with heam biosynthesis (Osmosis) - Youtube
Catecholamine synthesis (JJ Medicine) - Youtube ; (Dirty Medicine) - Youtube
Histamine synthesis & degradation (JJ Medicine) - Youtube
Serotonin and melatonin synthesis (Trytophan) (JJ Medicine) - Youtube
Podcast: 170516 Spina Bifida | Assoc Prof Dr Rashidah Ismail , Consultant Rehab Physician | Yang Mee Eng, President of the Spina Bifida Association of Malaysia
Podcast: 170707 Doctor in the House: Spina Bifida | Dr Noraishah Mydin Abdul Aziz, Developmental Neurobiologist | Dr Dharmendra Ganesan, Neurosurgeon
Podcast: 230127 In-Womb Surgery for Babies with Spina Bifida | Professor Dr Dharmendra Ganesan, Senior Consultant Neurosurgeon
Purines & pyrimidines biosynthesis (Moof University) - YouTube
Purines & Pyrimidines degradation/catabolism (JJ Medicine) - YouTube
Folate (Vit B9) why we need it, dietary source, absorption and metabolism (JJ Medicine) - Youtube
One carbon metabolism (tetrafolate and folate cycle) (JJ Medicine) - Youtube
Sulfoamide antibiotics (JJ Medicine) - Youtube
Folate deficiency (Osmosis) - YouTube
Lesch-Nyhan syndrome (Osmosis) - YouTube
200326 Interesting article on Remdesivir - one of the potential drugs for the treatment of COVID-19 (URL); read this article, and see how much you can understand after learning about "Purine biosynthesis" lecture
NUCLEIC ACIDS AND DNA REPLICATION
NUCLEIC ACIDS AND DNA REPLICATION
Introduction to Nucleic Acids (Andrey K) - Youtube
Composition of Nucleic Acids (Andrey K) - Youtube
Nucleic acids - DNA and RNA structure (Medsimplified) - Youtube
The Structure of DNA (MITx Bio) - Youtube
DNA replication animation (Medical Institution) - YouTube
DNA replication made easy (MedSimplified) - Part 1 YouTube, Part 2 YouTube
Application: Polymerase chain reaction, PCR (MedSimplified) - YouTube
TOTAL SERUM CHOLESTEROL ESTIMATION (PDF)
TOTAL SERUM CHOLESTEROL ESTIMATION (PDF)
Understanding cardiovascular disease (zero to finals) - Youtube
Endocrine System, Part 1 (CrashCourse) - YouTube
Endocrine System, Part 2 (CrashCourse) - YouTube
Adrenal enzyme deficiencies (DirtyMedicine) - Youtube
The endocrine system explained under 4 minutes (Arzo Sadiqi) - YouTube
Endocrine, Overview (Amando Hasudungan) - YouTube
Hyperaldosteronism (Osmosis) - YouTube
Thyroid cancer (Osmosis) - YouTube
Hyperthyroidism (Osmosis) - YouTube
Cushing Syndrome (Osmosis) - YouTube
5-alpha reductase deficiency (Osmosis) - Youtube
Polycyctic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) , (JJ Medicine) - Youtube
In these videos (hormone = antigen (if antibodies are used); OR ligand (if receptor is used)
Ligand binding assay (Wikipedia)
Scintillation detector - Youtube
ELISA (overview, indirect, sandwich, competitive) (Shomu's Biology) - Youtube
ELISA (direct & indirect) (Bhanu Prakash) - Youtube
ELISA (Sajid Shaikh) - Competitive Youtube ; Indirect Youtube ; Direct/sandwich Youtube
Competitive radioimmunoassay (RIA) (Sajid Shaikh) - Youtube
(Quick biochemistry basics) - High performance liquid chromatography - Gas chromatography - Affinity Chromatography - Ion exchange chromatography
Quantitive PCR (Shomu's Biology) - Youtube
Endocrinology | Thyroid Overview (Ninja Nerd) - Youtube
Endocrinology | Synthesis of Thyroid Hormone (Ninja Nerd) - Youtube
Endocrinology | Target Organs of the Thyroid (Ninja Nerd) - Youtube
Hyperthyroidism | Physiology, Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, Treatment, Thyroid Storm (Ninja Nerd) - Youtube
Hypothyroidism | Physiology, Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, Treatment, Myxedema Coma (Nija Nerd) - YoutubeThyroid Gland: Thyroid Hormone Synthesis (Lance Miller) - Youtube
Thyroid Gland: Thyroid Hormone Function (Lance Miller) - Youtube
Thyroid Gland: Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Thyroid Axis - Role of Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) (Lance Miller) - Youtube
Thyroid Gland: Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Thyroid Axis - Role of Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone (TRH) (Lance Miller) - Youtube
Thyroid Gland: Hyperthyroidism (Lance Miler) - YoutubeThyroid Hormone Production (Handwritten tutorials) - Youtube
Thyroid Gland Anatomy - (embryology, blood supply, venous drainage, innervation, histology) (Armando Hasudungan) - Youtube
Thyroid Gland - Thyroid Hormones (Armando Hasudungan) - Youtube
Hypothalamic Pituitary Thyroid Axis (regulation, TRH, TSH, thyroid hormones T3 and T4) - Youtube
Hyperthyroidism Overview (causes, pathophysiology) - Youtube
Graves Disease - Overview (causes, pathophysiology, investigations and treatment) - YoutubeThyroid related videos (JJ Medicine) - Youtube
Liver Enzymes | Aspartate vs Alanine Aminotransferase (AST vs. ALT) | & Causes of Elevations (JJ Medicine) - Youtube
Hemolytic anemia (JJ Medicine) - Youtube
Bile acid synthesis, primary & secondary bile acids (JJ Medicine) - Youtube
Gallstones (cholelithiasis) (Osmosis) - Youtube
Interpretation of LFTs (Liver Function Tests) (Strong Medicine) - YouTube
Introduction to liver function tests (Jaz Singh) - YouTube
Liver function test (ftplectures) - Part 1, Part 2, Part 3, Part 4
Intern content: Liver function test (OnlineMedEd) - Youtube
Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency (Osmosis) - YouTube
Wilson disease (Osmosis) - YouTube; (zero to finals ) - Youtube
Haemochromatosis (zero to finals) - Youtube
Iron absorption, transport, metabolism, regulation (JJ Medicine) - Youtube
Primary sclerosing cholangitis (zero to finals) - Youtube
Hepatitis A & B (Nucleus Medical Media) - Youtube ; Hepatitis C - Youtube
Viral hepatitis made simple - Pathology , Clinical features & Classifications (MedSimplified) - YouTube
Understanding HepB serology (zero to finals) - Youtube
How to use a glucometer (RegisteredNurseRN) - Youtube
How to prick finger with a lancet (RegisteredNurseRN) - Youtube
Blood sugar level (Khan Academy) - Youtube
OGTT, expected normal results (openmichigan) - Youtube
OGTT, indications, contraindications, preparations, interpretation (BiochemistryBasic) - Youtube
Gestational diabetes (Nucleus Medical Media) - Youtube
GENETIC DISEASES, IN-BORN METABOLIC DISORDERS
GENETIC DISEASES, IN-BORN METABOLIC DISORDERS
List: autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, x-linked dominant, x-linked recessive, mitochondrial, multifactorial
Common genetic disorders (PDF)
Autosomal Dominant Diseases Song || USMLE Mnemonic (Dirty Medicine) - Youtube
X-Linked Recessive Diseases Song || USMLE Mnemonic (Dirty Medicine) - Youtube
X-Linked Pedigrees MADE EASY (Dirty Medicine) - Youtube
Understanding autosomal (dominant / recessive) (zero to finals) - Youtube
Pedigree Analysis methods - dominant, recessive and x linked pedigree (Shumu's Biology) - Youtube
SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION AND CASCADE
SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION AND CASCADE
Insulin signaling cascade and downstream (JJ Medicine) - Youtube
AKT Signaling pathway (JJ Medicine) - Youtube
AKT Signaling Pathway: Regulation by the Insulin Signaling Cascade (JJ Medicine) - Youtube
JAK/STAT Signaling pathway (JJ Medicine) - Youtube
AMPK Signaling pathway (JJ Medicine) - Youtube
IP3 and Ca Signaling pathway (JJ Medicine) - Youtube
Notch Signaling pathway (JJ Medicine) - Youtube
mTOR Signaling pathway (JJ Medicine) - Youtube
Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling Pathway (JJ Medicine) - Youtube
Ras Raf MEK ERK Signaling Pathway (JJ Medicine) - Youtube
Non-Canonical NF-kB Signaling Pathway (JJ Medicine) - Youtube
OCULAR BIOCHEMISTRY
OCULAR BIOCHEMISTRY
Cataracts | Causes, Risk factors, Subtypes (Cortical, Nuclear, Posterior subcapsular), Treatment (JJMedicine) - Youtube
Rod Cell Signaling (by Hussain Biology) - Youtube
How Rods and Cones respond to Light (by Interactive Biology) - Youtube
Neuroscience: Phototransduction - Youtube
Sildenafil on PDE6 - URL
INTERESTING ARTICLES
INTERESTING ARTICLES
210822 The Star - Postgrad pathways for doctors - Malaysia (PDF)
200918 Malaysia - CO poisoning in stalled vehicle, pharmacy students, theStar article (PDF)
200331 Abbott has launched a new kit to detect SARS-CoV2 virus in 5-minutes, using an advanced RT-PCR technique called 'Looped-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP)' technique, learn more about it HERE (URL) (URL) (URL) (URL)
200331 Why scientists are studying if chloroquine could treat coronavirus (PDF)
200326 Interesting article on Remdesivir - one of the potential drugs for the treatment of COVID-19 (URL); read this article, and see how much you can understand after learning about "Purine biosynthesis" lecture
Handling of blood specimens for glucose analysis (PDF)
Impact of Blood Sample Collection and Processing Methods on Glucose Levels in Community Outreach Studies (PDF)
Preanalytical sample handling of venous blood: how to ensure your glucose measurement is accurate and reliable (PDF)
190605 Sometimes students come to me, asking the most fundamental question - "how to study biochemistry?"; to answer that, check out this learning strategy, which served me well (URL) "Before, During, After class"
190601 As a PhD Examiner … My Top 25 Tips for PhD students (PDF)
171004 The Star ePaper - How to monitor blood sugar (PDF)
An unusual presentation of chronic cyanide toxicity from self-prescribed apricot kernel extract, BMJ Case Report. (URL) (PDF)
This article recapitulates the lecture on how cyanide is an electron transport chain inhibitor (Complex IV).
190228 Glycogen storage disease in Malaysia - Pompe disease (TheStar ePaper) (PDF)
190603 Podcast on Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency (G6PD deficiency) (URL); relate this podcast with the lecture on Hexose monophosphate shunt pathway (minor metabolic pathways)
Announcement on the winners of the Nobel Prize for Physiology of Medicine, 2019 (on 7 Oct 2019) - This year, the prize went to three scientists that elucidated the molecular switch that allows cells to adapt to hypoxia. Their findings have paved the way for drug discoveries to treat cancer, anemia, wound healing and etc. (URL)
PRACTICAL RELATED VIDEOS
PRACTICAL RELATED VIDEOS
Protein extraction (IUBMB) - Youtube
Protein electrophoreses (IUBMB) - Youtube
Western blotting (IUBMB) - Youtube
Protein purification (IUBMB) - Youtube
Gel electrophoresis for nucleic acids (IUBMB) - Youtube
Polymerase chain reaction, PCR (IUBMB) - Youtube
DNA Sequencing, Chemical cleavage method (IUBMB) - Youtube
DNA Sequencing, Sanger method (IUBMB) - Youtube
Western blotting (IUBMB) - Youtube
Demonstration of protein gel eletrophoresis, SDS-PAGE (IUBMB) - Youtube
Demonstration of protein gel staining (IUBMB) - Youtube
How to operate a micropipette (IUBMB) - Youtube
Time-lapsed video of protein crystallization (IUBMB) - Youtube
Operation of centrifuge (IUBMB) - Youtube
Operation of spectrophotometer (IUBMB) - Youtube
Demonstration of DNA gel electrophoreses (IUBMB) - Youtube
INTERESTING CONTENTS (NON-BIOCHEMISTRY)
INTERESTING CONTENTS (NON-BIOCHEMISTRY)
Medical terminologies, PLAYLIST (JJ Medicine) - Youtube
Sutering techniques (MedSimplified) - Overview - Instruments - Interrupted suture - Mattress suture
CURATED CONTENT PROVIDERS
CURATED CONTENT PROVIDERS
Lecturio (Biochemistry) (URL)
osmosis.org (URL)
MedSimplified (URL)
Dirty Medicine (URL)
JJ Medicine (URL)
Nucleus Medical Media (URL)
Armando Hasudungan (URL)
Dory Video - On how to use Graphpad Prism (URL)
Med School Insiders (URL)
Zero to Finals (URL)
Quick biochemistry basics (URL)
Medicosis Perfectionalis (URL)
STATISTICS
STATISTICS
Min, Mode, Median (Osmosis) - URL
CLINICAL SKILLS
CLINICAL SKILLS
Blood pressure assessment (osmosis) - URL
BiPAP & CPAP (osmosis) - URL
Using metered-dose inhaler (osmosis) - URL
Respiratory rate assessment (osmosis) - URL
Pulse assessment (osmosis) - URL
Pulse oximetry (osmosis) - URL
Body temperature assessment (osmosis) - URL
Hand washing (osmosis) - URL
N95 Masks (osmosis) - URL
Previous seminar titles
Previous seminar titles
Avoiding rice is the best way to lose weight, how true is that statement?
How glucose is converted into cellular energy?
How fructose is converted into cellular energy?
How galactose is converted into cellular energy?
How carbon monoxide from cigarette smoke kills?
Synthesizing glucose from amino acids, is it even possible?
Why my breath smells funny when I go on diet? Why is that so?
Alcohol breath: how alcoholism wreak havoc in biochemical pathways?
How do porphyrias come about?
How streptomycin interferes with protein translation?
How fructose is integrated into glycolysis?
How galactose is integrated into glycolysis?
Gluconeogenesis: How our body makes glucose?
Is 'Keto diet" good or bad?
Porphyrias: How do they come about?
Cyanide: Suicide pill for the war?
Roles of purine & pyrimidine in biochemical reactions
Biosynthesis of purines
Effect of sulfonamide on purine biosynthesis
How methotrexate is used to kill cancer?
Importance of folic acid supplementation in pregnancy
Degradation of purine
Adenosine deaminase deficiency causing severe combined immunodeficiency
What is gout and how it come about?
Ouch! Its GOUT!
Recycling nitrogenous bases via salvage pathway
What is Lesch-Nyhan syndrome?
Tetracycline staining and protein synthesis.
Rationale of dental extraction in Lesch-Nyhan patients.
Dental DNA fingerprinting in identification of human remains. (URL)
How does bleeding abnormality caused by liver disorders affect dental management? (Ref 1) (Ref 2) (Ref 3) (Ref 4)
Could liver disorders affect the decision making on medication used in dental management? (Ref 1) (Ref 2) (Ref 3) (Ref 4)
Standards, Regulations & Examinations Resources (MQA, MMC, WDMS, ECFMG - USMLE)
Standards, Regulations & Examinations Resources (MQA, MMC, WDMS, ECFMG - USMLE)
Malaysian Qualifications Agency (MQA)
Programme Standards - Medical and Health Sciences (English) (Malay)
International Qualification Equivalency For International Students To Enter Higher Learning Institutions (PDF-March 2020)
Malaysian Medical Council (MMC)
Guideline & Application Form for Examination for Examination for Provisional Registration (For medical graduates from universities not listed in the Second Schedule of the Medical Act 1971) (PDF)
Guidelines & Application Form for Provisional Registration (PDF)
eHouseman (Sistem Penurusan Pegawai Perbatan Siswazah Portal (URL)
Electronic Portfolio of International Credentials (EPIC) - ECFMG partners with the Malaysian Medical Council to primary-source verify medical credentials of graduates of medical schools located outside Malaysia who are applying to the Council for registration to practice medicine. If you are applying for registration in Malaysia, having your credentials verified through EPIC meets the Council’s requirements for document verification of your medical qualifications (Effective 1 June 2020)
World Directory of Medical Schools (WDMS) - SEGi University (FAIMER SCHOOL ID: F0003620)
World Federation for Medical Education (WFME)
Accreditation (URL)
Accreditation is the certification of the suitability of medical education programmes, and of the competence of medical schools in the delivery of medical education
The accreditation of medical education – the certification of the suitability of medical education programmes, and of the competence of medical schools in the delivery of medical education – ensures patient safety and competent practising doctors. Accreditation of medical education is normally carried out by national governments, or by agencies receiving their authority from national governments.
The Guidelines for Accreditation of Basic Medical Education were developed by an international task force in 2004, and published jointly by WHO and WFME in 2005. These guidelines form the basis of the 2013 WHO policy briefing on medical accreditation and the 2016 IAMRA statement on accreditation of medical education programmes.
WHO policy on the promotion of accreditation of basic medical education was developed and agreed in a strategic partnership with WFME. There is a related set of WHO/WFME guidelines on accreditation of basic medical education.
An extra stimulus to make sure that the standards and processes of accreditation agencies are satisfactory has come from the policy of the Educational Commission for Foreign Medical Graduates (ECFMG) of the USA on accreditation. ECFMG stated in 2010 that “...effective in 2023, physicians applying for ECFMG Certification will be required to graduate from a medical school that has been appropriately accredited. To satisfy this requirement, the physician’s medical school must be accredited through a formal process that uses criteria comparable to those established for U.S. medical schools by the Liaison Committee on Medical Education (LCME) or that uses other globally accepted criteria, such as those put forth by the World Federation for Medical Education (WFME)”. It is likely that this policy will encourage many countries that do not, as yet, have accreditation systems for basic medical education to develop them.
A list of known accrediting agencies for each country is held in the Directory of Organizations that Recognise/Accredit Medical Schools (DORA). Those agencies with WFME Recognition Status is indicated in DORA. The status of all agencies, including those with Recognition Status and those which have formally started their application to the WFME Recognition Programme, is published here. To date, no agencies have applied and not been awarded Recognition Status.
WFME Recognition Programme (URL)
Recognition Status is awarded by WFME to an accrediting agency working to an internationally accepted high standard, and confers the understanding that the quality of accreditation of undergraduate medical schools is to an appropriate and rigorous standard.
The Recognition Programme delivers an independent, transparent and rigorous method of ensuring that accreditation of medical schools worldwide is at an internationally accepted and high standard. WFME evaluates compliance of accrediting agencies with pre-defined criteria.
The Recognition Programme was established in response to two primary concerns:
The existence of an accreditation system alone does not guarantee that the system will result in trustworthy decisions on the quality of programmes in medical education; this requires the accreditation system itself to operate in a robust, transparent and norm-referenced way.
The rapid expansion in the number of medical schools worldwide has created a growing market for accreditation, and some private firms and individual consultants now offer an accreditation service of little worth.
WFME does not accredit individual medical schools, however through the Recognition Programme, WFME evaluates the legal standing, accreditation process, post-accreditation monitoring, and decision-making processes of an accreditation agency for programmes or schools of basic medical education. WFME Recognition Status of an agency confers the understanding that the quality of medical education in its accredited schools is at an appropriate and rigorous standard.
Through the Recognition Programme, WFME aims to ensure patient safety through competent practising doctors; and it aims to protect medical students from studying in poor quality schools.
Recognition Status is the indicator to the medical education community, to students and to employers that the quality of medical education in schools or programmes accredited by that agency is to an appropriate and rigorous standard.
Through the process of recognition – self-evaluation and feedback from the expert visiting teams – WFME shares best practice and provides quality improvement measures. Some of these will be a condition of Recognition Status; others will be quality improvement recommendations.
ECFMG has announced that effective in 2023, eligibility for USMLE and employment as a doctor in the United States will be restricted to graduates from medical schools/programmes accredited by an agency which is recognised by the WFME Recognition Programme or to an equivalent standard.
Countries served by agencies with Recognition Status (URL)
Directory of Organizations that Recognize/Accredit Medical Schools (DORA), FAIMER (URL)
USMLE Information
USMLE Information
The United States Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE) is a set of exams that assesses whether or not you’re ready to practice medicine.
The USMLE consists of 4 exams (Step 1, Step 2 CK, Step 2 CS, Step 3). Each Step is taken at a different point in your medical career and requires different levels of USMLE preparation. Consider each USMLE Step its own individual exam that you’ll need to prepare for.
Step 1 consists of multiple-choice questions designed to measure basic science knowledge, including questions in anatomy, behavioral sciences, biochemistry, microbiology, pathology, pharmacology, physiology, and interdisciplinary topics, such as nutrition, genetics, and aging.
Step 1 is administered by appointment on a year-round basis. Step 1 is typically taken by U.S. medical students at the end of their second year of medical school, or international medical graduates who are already licensed doctors in their home countries, but wish to practice medicine in the United States. As an international medical graduate, you must first register with the ECFMG at www.ecfmg.org. After registering, you’ll receive an ECFMG identification number. To actually book your exams, you'll need to book an eligibility period for your exam.
Step 1 is a one-day examination with seven 60-minute “blocks” administered in one 8-hour testing session; computer tutorial: 15 minutes; breaks: 45 minutes, self-scheduled
Step 1 consists of 280 multiple-choice questions, broken down into 7 one-hour blocks of 40 questions each.
USMLE Step 1 and Step 2 Registration
USMLE Step 1 and Step 2 Registration
ECFMG is the organization that registers international medical students/graduates for Step 1 and Step 2 (CK and CS).
ECFMG will be responsible for processing USMLE application form and payment, verification of eligibility, and sending notifications regarding the outcome of application.
For eligible international medical students/graduates applying for Step 1/Step 2 CK, ECFMG is responsible for forwarding registration information to NBME, who issues exam scheduling permits.
ECFMG will send e-mail notifications to applicants upon availability of scheduling permits.
Prometric is responsible for scheduling and delivering test centers for USMLE Step 1 and Step 2 CK. It acts as the test delivery entity for all examinees taking Step 1/Step 2 CK. Step 1 and Step 2 CK can be taken at Prometric test centers across the world.
For eligible international medical students/graduates applying for Step 2 CS, ECFMG is responsible for issuing exam scheduling permits and sending e-mail notifications to applicants once scheduling permits are ready. The Clinical Skills Evaluation Collaboration (CSEC), a joint venture of ECFMG and NBME, conducts the Step 2 CS exam. Step 2 CS is delivered to all examinees at regional CSEC Centers in the United States.
Interactive Web Application (IWA) - For eligible students/graduates to apply to sit for the USMLE
ECGMS Medical School Web Portal (EMSWP) - The Faculty office will assist all students/graduates to be verified
Electronic Credentials Verification
ECFMG’s electronic Credentials Verification is free for medical schools and makes the process of verifying credentials faster, easier, and more efficient! Through this program, authorized medical school officials can verify the credentials of their school’s graduates over the Internet rather than using the traditional paper-based process. For example, schools can use electronic Credentials Verification to verify the credentials of their graduates who apply for ECFMG Certification and for the United States Medical Licensing Examination® (USMLE®), eliminating the need to complete “Verification of Medical Education” Form 327-A. The time savings with electronic credentials verification compared to the paper-based verification process is dramatic. The comparison below shows the median response times by medical schools to ECFMG verification requests.
Testing Regions and International Test Delivery Surcharges for USMLE Step 1 and Step 2 CK (URL)
Step 1 and Step 2 CK of USMLE exam is conducted by testing agency, Prometric, across various USMLE 2021 test centres in the world, including in Malaysia. The candidate has the option to select a USMLE test centre 2021 in the country of their residence. For USMLE Step 2 CS and Step 3, there are no international USMLE test centres. Step 2 CS component will be offline-based and conducted at six testing centres in the US. To take Step 2 CS and Step 3, the international applicants have to travel to the states and take the test there.
The Step 2 Clinical Skills (CS) examination will be administered at six testing centers in the US. International students can select an USMLE 2021 test centre at any of these locations through ECFMG: Atlanta, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Philadelphia (2 centres).
The Step 3 of the USMLE will be administered only in the US and its territories. To find a test centre for USMLE Step 3, the applicant has to visit the Prometric website.
Prometric (For Step 1 & Step 2 CK)
Prometric Testing Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (URL; Prometric Sites; GoogleMap)
Medical School Accreditation Requirement for ECFMG Certification (Delayed to 2024) (PDF)
The 2023 Medical School Accreditation Requirement was established by ECFMG in 2010 to stimulate international accreditation efforts and enhance the quality of medical education worldwide. The requirement is intended to encourage the development and implementation of standards for evaluating undergraduate medical education, to provide greater assurance to both medical students and the public that they will be appropriately trained.
Starting in 2023, individuals applying for ECFMG Certification must be a student or graduate of a medical school that is appropriately accredited. More specifically, the school must be accredited by an accrediting agency that is officially recognized by the World Federation for Medical Education (WFME). The WFME Recognition Programme is the only program accepted by ECFMG at the current time for the recognition of medical school accrediting agencies. Thus, beginning in 2023, medical schools will need to be accredited by a WFME-recognized accrediting agency if they wish to ensure their students and graduates are eligible for ECFMG Certification.
ECFMG previously announced that, starting in 2023, applicants for ECFMG Certification will be required to be a student or graduate of a medical school that is appropriately accredited. More specifically, the medical school must be accredited by an agency recognized by the World Federation for Medical Education (WFME). To date, 21 accrediting agencies have received WFME recognition, with many others in process. We are energized by the commitment to quality improvement demonstrated in response to this initiative. At the same time, we recognize that many countries have been forced to suspend or limit their accreditation efforts due to COVID-19 (Coronavirus). As such, we are moving the implementation of the requirement to 2024. We will announce an effective date as we approach 2024; we will also continue to reassess this timeline as needed.
210422 The Sun
The Malaysian Medical Council (MMC) will represent Malaysia in obtaining World Federation of Medical Education (WFME) recognition status, said Health Minister Datuk Seri Dr Adham Baba.
STEP 1
STEP 1
The USMLE Step 1 is the first in a series of standardized exams required for earning medical licensure in the United States. Step 1 assesses your understanding of the important concepts of basic medical sciences. This computer-based test focuses on the principles and mechanisms of health, disease, and modes of therapy.
To be eligible to take USMLE Step 1, you must be:
a current MD student or graduate of a LCME-accredited medical school in the US or Canada, OR
a current DO student or graduate of an AOA-accredited medical school in the US, OR
a medical student or graduate of a medical school outside the US listed in the World Directory of Medical Schools who meets the ECFMG’s eligibility criteria
Step 1 is administered year-round, but you must register in advance. Many students take Step 1 at the end of their second year of medical school (around April), however being prepared for the exam is more important than the precise timing of the exam, as you cannot retake it to improve a low passing score and any failing attempts will remain on your record. Your Step 1 score will likely play a significant role in the selection process for residency programs, so you want to take the exam when you are confident that you will be able to score well. Step 1 is administered at Prometric testing centers around the world. For international medical graduates, you can choose to do the USMLE Step 1 whenever you want, but we recommend doing the test at the end of your pre-clinical education. You must remember that once you start taking the USMLE steps, you need to finish steps 1, 2 and 3 within a seven-year period.
Step 1 is a computer-based multiple choice exam with up to 280 questions total. This exam is administered in seven 60-minute testing blocks with a maximum of 40 questions per block, with a total of 45 minutes of break time (reserved for authorized breaks and computer transitions between blocks). Questions are posed in multiple choice format, based on patient-centered vignettes, with a single best answer. Multiple answer options may be partially correct, but there is only one best answer. If you are unsure about an answer, it is better to make an educated guess as unanswered questions are automatically counted as incorrect answers. If you complete a block early, the remaining time will be added to your total break time. Breaks can only be taken between blocks, and you can only take a maximum of six breaks that add up to 45 minutes. The entire testing experience takes about 8 hours. At the beginning of the exam, there is a 15-minute tutorial, which you can skip if you have completed it online prior to your testing day.
Step 1 is designed to measure your knowledge of basic science. The exam is also organized by physician task and competency, such as medical knowledge, patient care (diagnosis), patient care (management), communication/professionalism, and practice-based learning and improvement. The content of the USMLE Step 1 exam can be divided into systems- or processes-based.
The current minimum passing score for USMLE Step 1 is 194. (Last updated January 2020)
STEP 2 CK
STEP 2 CK
The USMLE Step 2 is the next in the series of standardized exams required for earning medical licensure in the United States. Step 2 is divided into two parts: Clinical Knowledge (CK) and Clinical Skills (CS). While Step 1 focuses on basic sciences, Step 2 focuses on important physician tasks, physiological conditions, and diseases. Step 2 CK and Step 2 CS can be taken in any order, but you must receive passing scores on Step 1 and both parts of Step 2 in order to be eligible to take Step 3.
The main difference between Step 2 CK and Step 2 CS is the format of the test. Step 2 CK consists of eight 60-minute blocks and has to be completed in a one-day, 9-hour testing session. You will be able to answer the questions in each block in any order, and you will also have the option to change your answers until you exit the block, or the allocated block time runs out. Once you exit the block, they get locked and you will not be able to review test items or change answers. There are a maximum of 40 questions per block. Step 2 CS is also a day-long testing session, in which you will have twelve patient encounters. The time allocated for each encounter is fifteen minutes, with an additional ten minutes to complete each patient note (typed on a computer). If you do not use the entire fifteen minutes for the patient encounter, the remaining time will be added to the ten minutes that you normally have for typing the patient note. All data gathering and documentation must be completed in English.
At the time of application and testing for Step 2, you must be:
a current MD student or graduate of a LCME-accredited medical school in the US or Canada, OR
a current DO student or graduate of an AOA-accredited medical school in the US, OR
a medical student or graduate of a medical school outside the US listed in the World Directory of Medical Schools who meets the eligibility criteria of the ECFMG
Many students in the US choose to take Step 2 following their 4th year of medical school, after rotations. When you apply to take Step 2 CK, you will choose a 3-month eligibility period, during which you can take your exam. Step 2 CK can be taken at Prometric testing centers worldwide, but keep in mind that not every test center offers every exam. When you apply to take Step 2 CS, you will be assigned a 12-month eligibility period, during which you can take your exam. You must register for a specific date as schedules at all test centers fill up rather quickly (often 3-4 months in advance). There are only six test centers for Step 2 CS, and all are located in the United States. There is no option to take the exam outside of the US.
Step 2 CK - Step 2 CK includes content from the following clinical specialties:
Internal medicine
Obstetrics and gynecology
Pediatrics
Preventive medicine
Psychiatry
Surgery
On the exam, you will be requested to do one or more of the following while answering the questions: provide a diagnosis and prognosis, use basic science knowledge in different clinical situations, and determine the next step in patient management. Up to 3% of the exam focuses on foundational science, 90% covers individual organ systems, and the remaining 7% addresses biostatistics and epidemiology.
Step 2 CS
The Step 2 CS cases cover common clinical presentations that you as a physician are likely to encounter in everyday medical practice. They may include cases that you are likely to see in outpatient clinics, emergency departments, or on the floors. You are expected to collect information from the patient by taking a detailed history, performing a focused physical examination, documenting your findings, giving a diagnostic impression, and writing down the initial patient workup. This exam determines whether you can demonstrate the fundamental clinical skills needed for safe and effective care of patients under supervision. It focuses on three main components: Integrated Clinical Encounter (ICE), Communication and Interpersonal Skills (CIS), and Spoken English Proficiency (SEP)
You should arrive at the test center approximately 45 minutes prior to your scheduled appointment time. You will be asked to present your scheduling permit and valid form of identification, which can be your passport, driver’s license with your photograph, national identity card, or any other form of dated and unexpired government-issued identity card. Your name on the scheduling permit must exactly match the name on your form of identification. If you fail to provide this, you will NOT be admitted to the test. You are also allowed to bring soft-foam earplugs (subject to inspection) without strings. All other personal belongings must be stored in a small locker outside the secure testing area. You will not be allowed to write on anything except the laminated note boards provided by the Prometric center during the exam, and a scrap paper in Step 2 CS exam. You will be provided with a marker pen at the center.
The current minimum passing score for Step 2 CK is 209. The passing rate for examinees from US or Canadian medical schools for the Step 2 CK is 95%. The passing rate for examinees from outside the US and Canada is 71%.
The Step 2 CS exam is pass/fail only. The passing rate for the Step 2 CS for examinees from the United States and Canada is 97%, whereas the passing rate from examinees outside the US and Canada is 78%.
NUMBER OF ATTEMPTS
NUMBER OF ATTEMPTS
Reexamination and Reapplication
USMLE policy generally does not allow applicants to retake a Step or Step Component if they have already passed that Step or Step Component. However, there are exceptions for the purpose of complying with a time limit imposed by a U.S. physician licensing authority or another authority recognized by the USMLE program. See 'Time Limit for Completing Examination Requirements' below.
If you fail a Step or Step Component, you must reapply, including payment of the appropriate fee(s), to retake the exam. If you do not take an exam during your assigned eligibility period, you must reapply, including payment of the appropriate fee(s), if you wish to take the exam; in this event, you may reapply at any time, however, ECFMG cannot begin to process a subsequent application for this exam until at least four weeks after the end of the eligibility period for the exam you did not take.
Number of Attempts Allowed
The USMLE program limits to six the total number of times an examinee can take the same Step or Step Component. An examinee is ineligible to take a Step or Step Component after six or more prior attempts to pass that Step or Step Component, including incomplete attempts. All attempts at a Step or Step Component are counted toward the limit, regardless of when the exams were taken.
For the purpose of U.S. medical licensure, state medical licensing authorities may limit the number of attempts allowed to pass each Step or Step Component. Information regarding specific state requirements can be obtained on the Federation of State Medical Boards website.
Time Between Examination Attempts
The USMLE program has established rules on how quickly you can retake the same Step or Step Component. You may not take the same examination more than three times within a 12-month period. Your fourth and subsequent attempts must be at least 12 months after your first attempt at that exam and at least six months after your most recent attempt at that exam. This includes incomplete attempts.
Example: An examinee took and failed her first attempt at Step 1 on January 15, 2017, her second attempt at Step 1 on April 15, 2017, and her third attempt at Step 1 on September 15, 2017. In January 2018, the examinee applied for a fourth attempt at Step 1, and wanted the March-April-May eligibility period. The earliest date that was both 12 months after her first attempt on January 15, 2017 and six months after her most recent attempt on September 15, 2017 was March 15, 2018. Since the March-April-May eligibility period began before this date, the earliest eligibility period that the applicant could request was April-May-June.
When you reapply, your eligibility period will be adjusted, if necessary, to comply with these rules. You must read the editions of the ECFMG Information Booklet and the USMLE Bulletin of Information that pertain to the eligibility period in which you take the exam.
Time Limit for Completing Examination Requirements
For the purpose of ECFMG Certification, you must pass the USMLE Steps and Step Components required for ECFMG Certification within a seven-year period. If you do not pass all Steps and Step Components required for ECFMG Certification within a maximum of seven years, your earliest USMLE passing performance will no longer be valid for ECFMG Certification. See Time Limit for Completing Examination Requirements in Examinations for ECFMG Certification.
If you have passed a Step or Step Component but this passing performance is no longer valid for ECFMG Certification, you may request an exception to retake the previously passed exam that is no longer valid.
For the purpose of U.S. medical licensure, time limits to complete the USMLE are established by state medical licensing authorities and may require completion of all Steps or Step Components (including Step 3, which is not required for ECFMG Certification) within a certain number of years from the date the first Step is passed. Information regarding specific state requirements can be obtained on the FSMB website. You may request an exception to retake a previously passed exam to comply with the time limit of a U.S. physician licensing authority. Visit the USMLE website for more information.
Fees
Fees
For the latest fees guide, please visit the following ECFMG website: https://www.ecfmg.org/fees/
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